Both the Alberta PCs and Liberals are in the midst of leadership elections, and in both races the voting rules and procedures will play a big part in the outcome.
Both the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta and the Alberta Liberals are in the midst of leadership elections. The Liberal vote is today, and the first ballot of the PC election is on September 17th, with a second ballot, if necessary, on October 1st. I thought I would take some time to look at the dynamics of each race, make some predictions, and demonstrate how voting rules can have an impact on the outcome of elections.
If you follow me on Twitter, you’ll notice that I posted my 1st ballot predictions for both races the other day. Here they are again:
Liberal First Ballot:
1. Sherman 2. MacDonald 3. Blakeman 4. Payne 5. Harvey
PC First Ballot:
1. Mar 2. Morton 3. Horner/Redford Tossup 5. Griffiths 6. Orman
But, will these races be decided on the first ballot, or will further ballots be needed? This depends on several things, not the least of which is the strength of the frontrunners, and the particulars of each party’s electoral process. Let’s start with the Official Opposition.
The Liberals: An Easy Victory for Sherman?
The Alberta Liberals have become the first political party in Canada to open up their leaderhsip election process to non-members. In order to vote in a leadership election or a constituency nomination contest, a person needs now only to be a registered voter and to sign up as a ‘supporter’ of the party, which costs nothing. Those who buy memberships obviously have powers which mere supporters do not, but to open up a party’s leadership election in this way is a very interesting, if potentially dangerous, idea. Certainly, the federal Liberals will be watching this election closely, as they are mulling over using a similar ‘open primary’ system to elect their next leader.
Of course, this system is potentially vulnerable to a ‘take-over’ by outsiders; if enough people can be gathered, non-members could outvote people who have supported the party their entire lives, resulting in a party leader who party stalwarts might be uneasy about at best and downright antagonistic toward at worst.
This is arguably the situation which may arise in the current Liberal leadership contest, with emergency-room-doctor-turned-MLA-turned-political-folk-hero Raj Sherman widely seen to be the frontrunner. Of the over 27 000 Albertans eligible to vote in the leadership election, it is said that Sherman has signed up something like 18 000 of them. Given the new rules and his apparent ability to sign up massive amounts of supporters, it is clear why he is seen as a the frontrunner; this is in addition, of course, to his public image as a defender of health care and fighter against government stupidity.
But there are two things which stand in the way of an easy Sherman victory. The first is that he needs to get all the people he signed up to vote for him. Get-out-the-vote activities are crucial in any election, but are especially crucial here since most of the people who Sherman signed up are not party members, just supporters, and thus need to be reminded that the vote is even taking place. That Sherman might be having some trouble with this is shown by a bizzare tweet he made, baldly admitting that he needed GOTV help because his supporters were not coming out to vote, putting his campaign in “TROUBLE”.
He needs to get his vote out because he needs to win on the first ballot. This is because of the second thing which stands in his way: his divisiveness. As a frontrunner, and as the polarising, outsider figure that he is, he is not likely to be the second or even third choice of many of the other candidates’ supporters. As the Liberals are using a preferential ballot, and the winner must get more than 50% of the vote, if Sherman does not win on the first ballot, he is unlikely to win after that, as it seems the other candidates’ supporters are less likely to support him than another candidate.
If Sherman does not win on the first ballot, I predict a Hugh MacDonald victory. He has a strong following among party stalwarts, and has had probably the second-most visable campaign next to Sherman. He would be the logical choice for the non-Sherman vote to coalesce around, especially since I predict he will place a strong second on the first ballot.
Of course, anything can happen. But that is my (I think reasonable) prediction.
The PCs: Another Stelmach Moment?
The path that led to Ed Stelmach occupying the Premier’s office is well-known at this point. Amid a bitter battle between front-runner Jim Dinning and his main opponent Ted Morton, PCs rallied around Stelmach, the second choice of almost everyone. The mechanics of this are interesting, and have a lot to do with the PC’s somewhat unique method of electing a leader. Before I get to the current contest, it is worth going over again their leadership election rules and how it led to Stelmach’s victory.
The party’s leadership election unfolds in a two-stage process. There is a first ballot, and if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote, a second, preferential ballot is held three weeks later among the top three on the first ballot. This is rather unusual to begin with, as most run-off votes of this kind are only held between the top two candidates. (This is true, for example, of elections for the French Presidency) I believe the party instituted this rule in order to ensure that there was proper rural representation among the finalists, as a two-person second-ballot contest might have a tendency to always produce a Calgary vs Edmonton face-off. In any case, it is this rule which is largely responsible for Stelmach’s win, and one which will greatly affect the outcome of this year’s race. On the second ballot, voters rank their preference, so that in the event that there is no clear winner on the second ballot, the third place candidates votes can be redistributed to the second-choice of those voters, producing a virtual third ballot, and the winner. Because Stelmach had so much support from the other candidates in the race who had placed lower than third on the first ballot, he placed second when the result of the first preferences of the second ballot were counted. However, there was still no one candidate with a majority, so Morton, now in third place, was dropped, and his votes redistributed according to his voters’ preferences. Because of the intense antagonism between Dinning and Morton, Morton’s supporters overwhelmingly favoured Stelmach, resulting in his victory once the second preferences were counted.
So, now that we’ve remembered how the PC voting process works, and reminded ourselves how this process can influence the outcome, let’s take a look at this year’s race. If you recall, I predicted the first ballot would look like this:
1. Mar 2. Morton 3. Horner/Redford Tossup 5. Griffiths 6. Orman
As we now know, it is the top three on the first ballot who really matter, but in this case there is some uncertainty–it is hard to guage, between Horner and Redford, who can pull the most support. Earlier in the race there had been some talk of Mar taking it on the first ballot, but I find this highly unlikely. In a six-candidate contest, a first ballot win would be highly unusual, especially with so many big names likely to attract a lot of support.
So given the uncertainty of who might be among the top three, let’s break it down into the two possibilities, and see where it might lead. First, let’s take the scenario where Doug Horner is in third place, behind Mar and Morton. What kind of second ballot first preference result would this lead to? I would argue that a likely result is this:
1. Mar 2. Horner 3. Morton
Here we have a virtual repeat of what elected Stelmach. Of the three candidates who are knocked off, some of their support goes to Mar, but so too does it go to Horner, vaulting him into second place. As Morton’s supporters would be unlikely to vote for a Mar-type candidate, I predict this would result in Horner winning the contest.
But what if Redford comes in third on the first ballot? Well, then I would expect to see her place second on the second ballot’s first preference count, given support from many of Horner’s and Griffith’s supporters. But with Morton in third again, it is his voters who decide the contest, and I cannot see them voting for an out-and-out progressive like Redford. In this scenario, Mar wins, a suprising case of a frontrunner attracting significant second-preference support.
It is possible in both scenarios that Mar could pull off a victory on the first preferences of the second ballot, but as the frontrunner I’m not sure how much second-preference support he would have among the three dropped candidates; perhaps from Redford or Horner supporters, but I think that most of them would go from one to the other, depending on who finished third. But it is hard to say.
And, of course, this is all based on my subjective impressions of the race, and candidate support, which I admit are far from perfect and may be completely mistaken. But at the very least, it is an interesting example of how voting rules, combined with the preferences of voters, can influence the outcome of elections. And it stands as my prediction for what will happen on September 17 and October 1.